Biblio-Refs/Hedbring: Token Economy Refs

Charles Hedbring/Program STEPPE

Below is a set of references pertinent to Token Economy. All refs are once again taken from Biblio-Refs (click on "Download" above). And again, Biblio-Refs contains many more references regarding token economy issues. May we again suggest that you download Win95 Biblio-Refs: It is an absolutely unique and truly indispensable knowledge organizing tool for graduate students, researchers, and professors alike. Enjoy and have a fine day!

(P.S.: Review this and all STEPPE/Hedbring reference lists often; they are in constant flux as new literature is uncovered, recommended, or encountered. We are all in this together, so please be quick and eager to point out errors or additional literature you find compelling. Thank you.)

Definition: "Tokens are conditioned reinforcers (e.g., checkmarks on a tally sheet, smiling faces on a chart, stars affixed to a progression map of some sort, coins earned in a jar, tickets collected for good classroom work, points accumulated for good classroom behavior). Tokens can be exchanged for a wide variety of so-called backup reinforcers -- events that the student or whomever engages in that will lead to improvement in the target behavior (more on-task behavior, more dyadic social behavior, more appropriate independent behavior, etc.). A reinforcement system based on tokens is referred to as a token economy." Source: Kazdin, A.E. (1994). Behavior modification in applied settings (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N.H. (1968). The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Drabman, R.S., & Tucker, R. (1974). Why classroom token economies fail. Journal of School Psychology, 12, 178-188.

Fisher, E.B. (1979). Overjustification effects in token economies. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 407-415.

Glynn, S.M. (1990). Token economy approaches for psychiatric patients. Behavior Modification, 14, 383-407.

Greene, D., Sternberg, B., & Lepper, M.R. (1976). Overjustification in a token economy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1219-1234.

Kazdin, A.E. (1973). Role of instructions and reinforcement in behavior changes in token reinforcement programs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 64, 63-71.

Kazdin, A.E. (1977). The token economy: A review and evaluation. New York: Plenum.

Kazdin, A.E. (1982). The token economy: A decade later. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 431-445.

Kazdin, A.E., & Bootzin, R.R. (1972). The token economy: An evaluative review. Journal of Applied Behavior, 5, 343-372.

Kazdin, A.E., & Mascitelli, S. (1980). The opportunity to earn oneself off a token system as a reinforcer for attentive behavior. Behavior Therapy, 11, 68- 78.

Kazdin, A.E., & Polster, R. (1973). Intermittent token reinforcement and response maintenance in extinction. Behavior Therapy, 4, 386-391.

Krasner, L. (1970). Behavior modification, token economies, and training. In C. Neuringer & J.L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology (pp. 86-104). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Kuypers, D.S., Becker, W.C., & O'Leary, K.D. (1968). How to make a token system fail. Exceptional Children, 35, 101-109.

Levine, F.M., & Fasnacht, G. (1974). Token rewards may lead to token learning. American Psychologist, 29, 816-820.

O'Leary, K.D., & Becker, W.G. (1967). Behavior modification of an adjustment class: A token reinforcement program. Exceptional Children, 33, 637-642.

O'Leary, K.D., Becker, W.C., Evans, M.B., & Saudargas, R.A. (1969). A token reinforcement program in a public school: A replication and systematic analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 3-13.

Phillips, E.L. (1968). Achievement Place: Token reinforcement procedures in a home-style rehabilitation setting for "pre-delinquent" boys. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 213-223.

Phillips, E.L., Phillips, E.A., Fixsen, D.L., & Wolf, M.M. (1971). Achievement Place: Modification of the behaviors of pre-delinquent boys within a token economy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 45-59.

Sullivan, M.A., & O'Leary, S.G. (1990). Maintenance following reward and cost token programs. Behavior Therapy, 21, 139-149.

Wexler, D.B. (1973). Token and taboo: Behavior modification, token economies, and the law. California Law Review, 61, 81-109. (Same article published same year in Behaviorism, 1, 1-24.)