(P.S.: Review this and all STEPPE/Hedbring reference lists often; they are in constant flux as new literature is uncovered, recommended, or encountered. We are all in this together, so please be quick and eager to point out errors or additional literature you find compelling. Thank you.)

Definition: Reinforcement is the observed increase in the frequency of a target behavior contingent upon a specific consequence of that behavior. Source: Kazdin, A.E. (1994). Behavior modification in applied settings (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Allen, K.D., & Lattal, K.A. (1989). On conditioned reinforcing effects of negative discrimination stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 335-339.

Allen, K.E., & Harris, F.R. (1966). Elimination of a child's excessive scratching by training the mother in reinforcement procedures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 79-84.

Allen, K.E., Hart, B.M., Buell, J.S., Harris, F.R., & Wolf, M.M. (1964). Effects of social reinforcement on isolate behavior of a nursery school child. Child Development, 35, 511-518.

Allen, L.D., & Iwata, B.A. (1980). Reinforcing exercise maintenance: Using existing high-rate activities. Behavior Modification, 4, 337-375.

Allison, J. (1993). Response deprivation, reinforcement, and economics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 129-140.

Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N.H. (1966). Punishment as a discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcer with humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 411-419.

Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N.H. (1968). Reinforcer sampling: A technique for increasing the behavior of mental patients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 13-20.

Azrin, N.H. (1961). Time-out from positive reinforcement. Science, 133, 382-383.

Azrin, N.H., Schaeffer, R.M., & Wesolowski, M.D. (1976). A rapid method of teaching profoundly retarded persons to dress by a reinforcement-guidance method. Mental Retardation, 14(6), 29-33.

Baer, D.M. (1970). A case for the selective reinforcement of punishment. In C. Neuringer & J.L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology (pp. 243-249). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Baer, D.M., Peterson, R.F., & Sherman, J.A. (1967). The development of imitation by reinforcing behavioral similarity to a model. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 405-416.

Baer, D.M., & Sherman, J.A. (1964). Reinforcement control of generalized imitation in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1, 37-49.

Baer, D.M., Williams, J.A., Osnes, P.G., & Stokes, T.F. (1984). Delayed reinforcement as an indiscriminable contingency in verbal/nonverbal correspondence training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 429-440.

Baer, D.M., Williams, J.A., Osnes, P.G., & Stokes, T.F. (1984). Programming generalized correspondence using delayed reinforcement as an indiscriminable contingency. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 429-440.

Baer, D.M., & Wolf, M.M. (1970). The entry into natural communities of reinforcement. In R. Ulrich, T. Stachnik, & J. Mabry (Eds.), Control of human behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 319-324). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Bailey, J.S., & Meyerson, L. (1969). Vibration as a reinforcer with a profoundly retarded child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 135-137.

Bailey, J.T., & Mazur, J.E. (1990). Choice behavior in transition: Development of preference for the higher probability of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 409-422.

Baker, D. (1971). Reinforcement therapy for behavior problems in severely retarded children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 41, 124-135.

Bandura, A. (1971). Vicarious and self-reinforcement processes. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement (pp. 228-278). New York: Academic Press.

Bandura, A., & Barab, P.G. (1971). Conditions governing nonreinforced imitation. Developmental Psychology, 5, 244-255.

Bandura, A., & Kupers, C.J. (1964). Transmission of patterns of self- reinforcement through modeling. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 1-9.

Bandura, A., & Mahoney, M.J. (1974). Maintenance and transfer of self- reinforcement functions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 89-97.

Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1967). Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 601-607.

Bateman, S. (1975). Application of Premack's generalization on reinforcement to modify occupational behavior in two severely retarded individuals. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 79, 604-610.

Berni, R., Dressler, J., & Baxter, J.C. (1971). Reinforcing behavior. American Journal of Nursing, 1, 2180-2183.

Bol, L., & Steinhauer, G.D. (1990). Decreases in behavior in vicarious reinforcement procedures. Psychological Reports, 66, 583-594.

Bostbradow, D.E., & Bailey, J.B. (1969). Modification of severe disruptive and aggressive behavior using brief time-out and reinforcement procedures. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 31-37.

Bowman, L.G., Piazza, C.C., Fisher, W., Hagopian, L.P., & Kogan, J.S. (1997). Assessment of preference for varied versus constant reinforcers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30, 451-458.

Bradshaw, C.M., Szabadi, E., & Bevan, P. (1976). Behavior of humans in variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 27, 135-141.

Bry, P.M., & Nawas, M.W. (1972). Is reinforcement necessary for the development of a generalized imitation operant in severely and profoundly retarded children? American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 76, 658-667.

Bucher, B., & Okovita, H. (1977). Effects of differential reinforcement and task difficulty on preschoolers' compliance with teacher instructions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 226-236.

Budney, A.J., Higgins, S.T., Delaney, D.D., Kent, L., & Bickel, W.K. (1991). Contingent reinforcement of abstinence with individuals abusing cocaine and marijuana. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 657-665.

Buehler, R.E., Patterson, G.R., & Furniss, J.M. (1966). The reinforcement of behaviour in institutional settings. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 157- 167.

Buell, J., Stoddard, P., Harris, F.R., & Baer, D.M. (1968). Collateral social development accompanying reinforcement of outdoor play in a preschool child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 167-173.

Cameron, J., & Pierce, W.D. (1994). Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 64, 363-423.

Capaldi, E.J. (1966). Partial reinforcement: A hypothesis of sequential effects. Psychological Review, 73, 459-477.

Catania, A.C. (1971). Elicitation, reinforcement and stimulus control. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement (pp. 196-220). New York: Academic Press.

Catania, A.C. (1975). The myth of self-reinforcement. Behaviorism, 3, 192-199.

Cautela, J.R., & Kastenbaum, R.A. (1967). A reinforcement survey for use in therapy, training, and research. Psychological Reports, 20, 1115-1130.

Charlop, M.H., Kurtz, P.F., & Casey, F.G. (1990). Using aberrant behaviors as reinforcers for autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 163-181.

Cherfas, J.J. (1980). Signals for food: Reinforcers or informants? Science, 209, 1552-1553.

Colozzi, G.A., Helfen, C.S., & Follow, R.S. (1980). Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) in treating classroom management problems of developmentally disabled children. The Psychological Record, 30, 261-270.

Costello, C.G. (1972). Depression: Loss of reinforcers or loss of reinforcer effectiveness? Behavior Therapy, 3, 240-247.

Coughlin, R.C. (1972). The aversive properties of withdrawing positive reinforcement: A review of the recent literature. The Psychological Record, 22, 333-354.

Craig, H.B., & Holland, A.L. (1970). Reinforcement of visual attending in classrooms for deaf children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 97-109.

Danforth, J.S., Chase, P.N., Dolan, M., & Joyce, J.H. (1990). The establishment of stimulus control by instructions and by differential reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 97-112.

Daniels, A.C. (1994). Bringing out the best in people: How to apply the astonishing power of positive reinforcement. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Davidson, M. (1988). Concurrent schedules: Interaction of reinforcer frequency and reinforcer duration. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49, 339-349.

Deci, E.L. (1972). Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic, reinforcement and inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 113-120.

Deitz, S.M., Repp, A.C., & Deitz, D.E.D. (1976). Reducing inappropriate classroom behavior of retarded students through three procedures of differential reinforcement. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 20, 155-170.

Devany, J.M., & Rincover, A. (1982). Self-stimulatory behavior and sensory reinforcement. In R.L. Koegel, A. Rincover, & A.L. Egel (Eds.), Educating and understanding autistic children (pp. 127-141). San Diego: College-Hill Press.

Dinsmoor, J.A. (1952). Resistance to extinction following periodic reinforcement in the presence of a discriminative stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 45, 31-35.

Dinsmoor, J.A. (1983). Observing and conditioned reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 693-704.

Donahoe, J.W., Burgos, J.E., & Palmer, D.C. (1993). A selectionist approach to reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 17- 40.

Donnelly, D.R., & Olczak, P.V. (1990). The effect of differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI) on pica for cigarettes in persons with intellectual disability. Behavior Modification, 14, 81-96.

Douglas, V.I. (1985). The response of ADD children to reinforcement: Theoretical and clinical implications. In L.M. Bloomingdale (Ed.), Attention deficit disorder: Identification, course and rationale (pp. 49-66). New York: Spectrum.

Dube, M.V., & McIlvane, W.J. (1995). Stimulus-reinforcer relations and emergent matching to sample. The Psychological Record, 45, 591-612.

Dube, W.V., McIlvane, W.J., Mackay, H.A., & Stoddard, L.T. (1987). Stimulus class membership established via stimulus-reinforcer relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 47, 159-175.

(1989). Stimulus class formation and stimulus-reinforcer relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 65-76.

Dunham, P.J. (1968). Contrasted conditions of reinforcement: A selective critique. Psychological Bulletin, 69, 295-315.

Dweck, C.S., & Reppucci, N.D. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 109-116.

Dyer, K. (1987). The competition of autistic stereotyped behavior with usual and specially assessed reinforcers. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 8, 607-626.

Egel, A.L. (1980). The effects of constant vs. varied reinforcer presentation on responding by autistic children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, 455-463.

Elliot, R., & Vast, R. (1970). The modeling of sharing: Effects associated with vicarious reinforcement, symbolization, age, and generalization. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 10, 8-15.

Epstein, R. (1985). The positive side effects of reinforcement: A commentary on Balsam and Bondy (1983). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 73-78.

Estes, W.K. (1972). Reinforcement in human behavior. American Scientist, 60, 723-729.

Fantino, E. (1977). Conditioned reinforcement: Choice and information. In W.H. Honig & J.E.R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 313-339). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Favell, J.E., McGimsey, J.F., & Jones, M.L. (1978). The use of physical restraint in the treatment of self-injury and as positive reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 225-241.

Favell, J.E., McGimsey, J.F., Jones, M.L., & Cannon, P.R. (1981). Physical restraint as positive reinforcement. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 425-432.

Fehr, M.J., Wacker, D., Trezise, J., Lennon, R., & Meyerson, L. (1979). Visual, auditory, and vibratory stimulation as reinforcers for profoundly retarded children. Rehabilitation Psychology, 26, 201-209.

Feingold, B.D., & Mahoney, M.J. (1975). Reinforcement effects on intrinsic interest: Undermining the overjustification hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, 6, 367-377.

Ferrari, M., & Harris, S.L. (1981). The limits and motivating potential of sensory stimuli as reinforcers for autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 339-343.

Ferster, C.B. (1961). Positive reinforcement and behavioral deficits of autistic children. Child Development, 32, 437-456.

Ferster, C.B., & Skinner, B.F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Fisher, W., Piazza, C.C., Bowman, L.G., Hagopian, L.P., Owens, J.C., & Slevin, I. (1992). A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 491-498.

Fisher, W., Thompson, R.H., Piazza, C.C., Crosland, K., & Gotjen, D. (1997). On the relative reinforcing effects of choice and differential consequences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30, 423-438.

Fowler, S.A., & Baer, D.M. (1981). "Do I have to be good all day?" The timing of delayed reinforcement as a factor in generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 13-24.

Foxx, R.M., & Dufrense, D. (1984). "Harry": The use of physical restraint as a reinforcer, time out from restraint, and fading restraint in treating a self- injurious man. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 4, 1- 13.

Freeman, B.J. (1971). Behavioral contrast: Reinforcement frequency or response suppression? Psychological Bulletin, 75, 347-356.

Gewirtz, J.L. (1971). Conditional responding as a paradigm for observational, imitative learning and vicarious-reinforcement. In J.L. Gewirtz (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 273-304). New York: Academic Press.

Glaser, R. (Ed.). (1971). The nature of reinforcement. New York: Academic Press.

Glynn, E.L. (1970). Classroom applications of self-determined reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 123-132.

Goltz, S.M. (1993). Examining the joint roles of responsibility and reinforcement in commitment. Decision Sciences, 24, 977-994.

Green, C.W., Reid, D.H., Canipe, V.S., & Gardner, S.M. (1991). A comprehensive evaluation of reinforcer identification processes for persons with profound multiple handicaps. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 537-552.

S.M. (1988). Identifying reinforcers for persons with profound handicaps: Staff opinion versus systematic assessment of preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 31-43.

Green, L., & Freed, D.E. (1993). The substitutability of reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 141-158.

Gutierrez-Griep, R. (1984). Student preference of sensory reinforcers. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 19, 108-113.

Hall, R.V., Panyan, M., Rabon, D., & Broden, M. (1968). Instructing beginning teachers in reinforcement procedures which improve classroom control. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 315-322.

Hallahan, D.P., Tarver, S.G., Kauffman, J.M., & Graybeal, I.L. (1978). Selective attention abilities of learning disabled children under reinforcement and response cost. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11, 39-47.

Hantula, D.A. (1991). A simple BASIC program to generate values for variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 799-801.

Harris, F.R., Wolf, M.M., & Baer, D.M. (1964). Effects of social reinforcement of child behavior. Young Children, 20, 8-17.

Hart, B.M., Allen, K.E., Buell, J.S., Harris, F.R., & Wolf, M.M. (1964). Effects of social reinforcement on operant crying. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1, 145-153.

Hauserman, N., Waylen, S.R., & Behling, M. (1973). Reinforced racial integration in the first grade: A study in generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 145-153.

Hayes, S.C., & Hayes, L.J. (1993). Applied implications of current JEAB research on derived relations and delayed reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 507-511.

Hayes, S.C., Rosenfarb, I., Wulfert, E., Korn, Z., & Zettle, R.D. (1985). Self-reinforcement: An artifact or social standard setting? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 201-214.

Heidorn, S.D., & Jensen, C.C. (1984). Generalization and maintenance of the reduction of self-injurious behavior maintained by two types of reinforcement. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 581-586.

Herrnstein, R.J. (1961). Relative and absolute strength of a response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 267-272.

Herrnstein, R.J. (1990). Behavior reinforcement and utility. Psychological Science, 1, 217-224.

Hieser, R.A., & Rosenbaum, M.E. (1980). Satiation for social reinforcers: The effects of contingency, vicarious experience, and ambiguous situations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, 336-349.

Hineline, P.N. (1977). Negative reinforcement and avoidance. In W.K. Honig & J.E.R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 364-414). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Hingtgen, J.N., Coulter, S.K., & Churchill, D.W. (1967). Intensive reinforcement of imitative behavior in mute autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 36-43.

Hollis, J.H. (1971). Body-rocking: Effects of sound and reinforcement. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 75, 642-644.

Hopkins, B.L. (1968). Effects of candy and social reinforcement, instructions, and reinforcement schedule leaning on the modification and maintenance of smiling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 121-129.

Horcones, C.L. (1992). Natural reinforcement: A way to improve education. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 7175.

Hudson, E., & DeMyer, M.K. (1968). Food as a reinforcer in educational therapy of autistic children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 37-43.

Hung, D.W. (1978). Using self-stimulation as reinforcement for autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 355-366.

Hursh, S.R., & Winger, G. (1995). Normalized demand for drugs and other reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 373-384.

Ivancic, M.T., & Bailey, J.S. (1996). Current limits to reinforcer identification for some persons with profound multiple disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17, 77-92.

Iwata, B.A. (1987). Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis: An emerging technology. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 361-378.

Iwata, B.A., & Michael, J.L. (1994). Applied implications of theory and research on the nature of reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 183- 193.

Jenkins, W.O., & Stanley, J.C. (1950). Partial reinforcement: A review and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 47, 193-234.

Johanson, C.E. (1978). Drugs as reinforcers. In D.E. Blackman & D.J. Sanger (Eds.), Contemporary research in behavioral pharmacology (pp. 325-390). New York: Plenum.

Johnston, M.K., Kelley, C.S., Harris, F.R., & Wolf, M.M. (1966). An application of reinforcement principles to development of motor skills of a young child. Child Development, 37, 379-387.

Jones, R.T., Nelson, R.E., & Kazdin, A.E. (1977). The role of external variables in self-reinforcement: A review. Behavior Modification, 1, 147-178.

Kale, R.J., Kaye, J.H., Whelan, P.A., & Hopkins, B.L. (1968). The effects of reinforcement on the modification, maintenance, and generalization of social responses of mental patients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 307- 314.

Kazdin, A.E. (1972). Response cost: The removal of conditioned reinforcers for therapeutic change. Behavior Therapy, 3, 533-546.

Kazdin, A.E. (1973). Methodological and assessment considerations in evaluating reinforcement programs in applied settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 517-531.

Kazdin, A.E. (1973). The effect of vicarious reinforcement on attentive behavior in the classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 71-78.

Kazdin, A.E. (1973). Role of instructions and reinforcement in behavior changes in token reinforcement programs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 64, 63-71.

Kazdin, A.E. (1974). The effect of vicarious reinforcement on attentive behavior in the classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 71-78.

Kazdin, A.E. (1977). The influence of behavior preceding a reinforced response on behavior change in the classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 299-310.

Kazdin, A.E. (1977). Vicarious reinforcement and direction of behavior change in the classroom. Behavior Therapy, 8, 57-63.

Kazdin, A.E. (1979). Vicarious reinforcement and punishment in operant programs for children. Child Behavior Therapy, 1, 13-36.

Kazdin, A.E. (1980). Acceptability of timeout from reinforcement procedures for disruptive child behavior. Behavior Therapy, 11, 329-344.

Kazdin, A.E., & Mascitelli, S. (1980). The opportunity to earn oneself off a token system as a reinforcer for attentive behavior. Behavior Therapy, 11, 68- 78.

Kazdin, A.E., & Polster, R. (1973). Intermittent token reinforcement and response maintenance in extinction. Behavior Therapy, 4, 386-391.

Kelleher, R.T. (1966). Chaining and conditioned reinforcement. In W.K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. 161-212). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Killeen, P., & Fantino, E. (1990). Unification of models for choice between delayed reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 189-200.

King, G.R., & Logue, A.W. (1990). Humans' sensitivity to variation in reinforcer amount: Effects of the method of reinforcer delivery. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 33-45.

Kish, G.B. (1966). Studies of sensory reinforcement. In W.K. Honig (Ed.Operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. 109-159). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Koegel, R.L., Schreibman, L., Britten, K., & Laitinen, R. (1979). The effects of schedule of reinforcement on stimulus overselectivity in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 383-397.

Kohler, F.W., & Greenwood, C.R. (1986). Toward a technology of generalization: The identification of natural contingencies of reinforcement. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 19-26.

Konarski, E.A., Johnson, M.R., Crowell, C.R., & Whitman, T.L. (1981). An alternative approach to reinforcement for applied researchers: Response deprivation. Behavior Therapy, 12, 653-666.

Koop, S., Martin, G., Yu, D., & Suthons, E. (1980). Comparison of two reinforcement strategies in vocational-skill training of mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 616-626.

Krasner, L. (1962). The therapist as a social reinforcement machine. In H.H. Strupp & L. Luborsky (Eds.), Research in Psychotherapy (Vol. II). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Leatherby, J.G., Gast, D.L., Wolery, M., & Collins, B.C. (1992). Assessment of reinforcer preference in multi-handicapped students. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 4, 15-36.

Lefcourt, H.M. (1966). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 206-220.

Leitenberg, H. (1965). Is time-out from positive reinforcement an aversive event? A review of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 428- 441.

Lerman, D.C., Iwata, B.A., Rainville, B., Adelinis, J.D., Crosland, K., & Kogan, J. (1997). Effects of reinforcement choice on task responding in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30, 411-422.

Lewis, M.H., Baumeister, A.A., & Mailman, R.B. (1987). A neurobiological alternative to the perceptual reinforcement hypothesis of stereotyped behavior: A commentary on "Self-stimulatory behavior and perceptual reinforcement". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 253-258.

Lindsley, O.R. (1963). Experimental analysis of social reinforcement: Terms and methods. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33, 624-633.

Litt, M.D., & Schreibman, L. (1981). Stimulus-specific reinforcement in the acquisition of receptive labels by autistic children. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 1, 171-186.

Simmons, J.Q. (1966). The establishment of social reinforcers in two schizophrenic children on the basis of food. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 4, 109-125.

Lovaas, O.I., Newsom, C.D., & Hickman, C. (1987). Self-stimulatory behavior and perceptual reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 45-68.

Luce, S.C., & Hall, R.V. (1981). Contingent exercise: A procedure used with differential reinforcement to reduce bizarre verbal behavior. Education and Treatment of Children, 3, 309-327.

Luiselli, J.K., & Colozzi, G.A. (1980). Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) in treating classroom management problems of developmentally disabled children. The Psychological Record, 30, 261-270.

Lusiselli, J.K., Helfin, C.S., Pemberton, B.W., & Reisman, J. (1977). The elimination of a child's in-class masturbation by overcorrection and reinforcement. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 8, 201- 204.

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Malott, R.W., Tillema, M., & Glenn, S. (1978). Basic behavioral procedures: Reinforcement, punishment, and avoidance. In R. Malott, M. Tillema, & S. Glenn, Behavior analysis and behavior modification: An introduction (pp. 25-54). Kalamazoo, MI: Behaviordelia.

Malott, R.W., Tillema, M., & Glenn, S. (1978). Ethical issues in behavior modification: Flattery vs. reinforcement based on praise. In R.W. Malott, M. Tillema, & S. Glenn, Behavior analysis and behavior modification: An introduction (pp. 328-389). Kalamazoo, MI: Behaviordelia.

Mansdorf, I.J. (1977). Reinforcer isolation: An alternative to subject isolation in time out from positive reinforcement. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 8, 391-393.

Martens, B.K., Lochner, D.G., & Kelly, S.Q. (1992). The effects of variable- interval reinforcement on academic engagement: A demonstration of matching theory. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 143-151.

Mason, S.A., McGee, G.G., Farmer-Dougan, V., & Risley, T.R. (1989). A practical strategy for ongoing reinforcer assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 22, 171-179.

Mayhew, G.L., Enyart, P., & Anderson, J. (1978). Social reinforcement and the naturally occurring social responses of severely and profoundly retarded adolescents. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 83, 164-170.

McGee, C.S., Kauffman, J.M., & Nussen, J.L. (1977). Children as therapeutic change agents: Reinforcement intervention paradigms. Review of Educational Research, 47, 451-477.

Measel, C.J., & Alfieri, P.A. (1976). Treatment of self-injurious behavior by a combination of reinforcement for incompatible behavior and overcorrection. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 81, 147-153.

Michael, J. (1975). Positive and negative reinforcement: A distinction that is no longer necessary: Or a better way to talk about bad things. Behaviorism, 3, 33-44.

Milby, J.B. (1970). Modification of extreme social isolation by contingent social reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 149-152.

Mithaug, D.E., & Burgess, R.L. (1968). The effects of different reinforcement procedures in the establishment of a group response. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 5, 441-454.

Morse, W.H., & Kelleher, R.T. (1977). Determinants of reinforcement and punishment. In W.K. Honig & J.E.R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. 174-200). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall.

Mulhern, T., & Baumeister, A.A. (1969). An experimental attempt to reduce stereotypy by reinforcement procedures. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 74, 69-74.

Mullins, M., & Rincover, A. (1985). Comparing autistic and normal children along the dimensions of reinforcement maximization, stimulus sampling, and responsiveness to extinction. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 40, 350-374.

Murphy, G. (1982). Sensory reinforcement in the mentally handicapped and autistic child: A review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 265-278.

Nation, J.R., & Woods, D.J. (1980). Persistence: The role of partial reinforcement in psychotherapy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 175-207.

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