(P.S.: Review this and all STEPPE/Hedbring reference lists often; they are in constant flux as new literature is uncovered, recommended, or encountered. We are all in this together, so please be quick and eager to point out errors or additional literature you find compelling. Thank you.)

 

Definition: Punishment is the observed decrease in the frequency of a target behavior contingent upon a specific consequence of that behavior. Source: Kazdin, A.E. (1994). Behavior modification in applied settings (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Abramowitz, A.J., & O'Leary, S.G. (1990). Effectiveness of delayed punishment in an applied setting. Behavior Therapy, 21, 231-239.

Abramowitz, A.J., & O'Leary, S.G. (1990). Effectiveness of delayed punishment in an applied setting. Behavior Therapy, 21, 231-239.

Altman, K., Havik, S., & Cook, J. (1978). Punishment of SIB in natural settings using contingent aromatic ammonia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 85-96.

#(14), #(3) Appel, J.B. (1963). Punishment and shock intensity. Science, 141, 528-529.

#(3), #(8), #(14) Axelrod, S. (1987). Functional and structural analyses of behavior: Approaches leading to reduced use of punishment procedures. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 8, 165-178.

Axelrod, S. (1987). Doing it without arrows: A review of Lavigna and Donnellan's "Alternatives to punishment: Solving behavior problems with non-aversive strategies." The Behavior Analyst, 10, 243-251.

Axelrod, S., & Apsche, J. (Eds.). (1983). The effects of punishment on human behavior. New York: Plenum.

Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N.H. (1966). Punishment as a discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcer with humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 411-419.

Azrin, N.H., & Holz, W.C. (1966). Punishment. In W.K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. 380-447). New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts.

Baer, D.M. (1970). A case for the selective reinforcement of punishment. In C. Neuringer & J.L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology (pp. 243-249). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Birnbrauer, J.S. (1968). Generalization of punishment effects--A case study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 201-211.

Boe, E.E., & Church, R.M. (Eds.). (1968). Punishment: Issues and experiments. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Bradshaw, C.M., Szabadi, E., & Bevan, P. (1977). Effect of punishment on human variable-interval performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, 275-279.

Brantner, J.P., & Doherty, M.A. (1983). A review of timeout: A conceptual and methodological analysis. In S. Axelrod & J. Apsche (Eds.), The effects of punishment on human behavior (pp. 87-132). New York: Academic Press.

Brush, F.R., Bush, R.R., Jenkins, W.O., John, W.F., & Whiting, J.W.M. (1952). Stimulus generalization after extinction and punishment: An experimental study of displacement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 633-640.

Bucher, B. (1969). Some ethical issues in the therapeutic use of punishment. In R.D. Rubin & C.M. Franks (Eds.), Advances in behavior (pp. 59-72). New York: Academic Press.

Bucher, B., & King, L. (1971). Generalization of punishment effects in the deviant behavior of a psychotic child. Behavior Therapy, 2, 68-77.

Campbell, B.A., & Church, R.M. (1969). Punishment and aversive behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Charlop, M.H., Burgio, L.D., Iwata, B.A., & Ivancic, M.T. (1988). Stimulus variation as a means of enhancing punishment effects. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 89-95.

Church, R.M. (1963). The varied effects of punishment. Psychological Review, 70, 369-402.

Connors, E.T. (1981). Corporal punishment and assault and battery. In E.T. Connors, Educational tort liability and malpractice (pp. 118-128). Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa.

Dinsmoor, J.A. (1952). A discrimination based on punishment. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 27-45.

Doleys, D.M., Wells, K.C., Hobbs, S.A., Roberts, M.W., & Cartelli, L.M. (1976). The effects of a social punishment on noncompliance: A comparison with timeout and positive practice. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 9, 471-482.

Donnellan, A., & La Vigna, G.W. (1990). Myths about punishment. In A.C. Repp & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 33-57). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore. Donnellan, A., La Vigna, G.W., Negri-Shoultz, N., & Fassbender, L.L. (1988). Progress without punishment: Effective approaches for learners with behavior problems. New York: Teachers College Press.

Dostoyevsky, F. (1959). Crime and punishment. New York: Bantam.

Drabman, R.S., & Spitalnik, R. (1973). Social isolation as a punishment procedure: A controlled study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 16, 236-249.

Englander, M.E. (1978). The court's corporal punishment mandate to parents, local authorities, and the profession. Phi Delta Kappan, 59, 529-532.

R. (1993). Functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 23-36.

Foxx, R.M., & Bechtel, D.R. (1983). Overcorrection: A review and analysis. In S. Axelrod & J. Apsche (Eds.), The effects of punishment on human behavior (pp. 133-220). New York: Academic Press.

Gardner, W.I. (1969). Use of punishment with the severely retarded: A review. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 74, 86-103.

George, J.M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 327-338.

Griffin, J.C., Locke, B.J., & Landers, W.F. (1975). Manipulation of potential punishment parameters in the treatment of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 458.

Cranston, S.S. (1971). The effective use of punishment to modify behavior in the classroom. Educational Technology, 11(4), 24-26.

Harris, S.L., & Ersner-Hershfield, R. (1978). Behavioral suppression of seriously disruptive behavior in psychotic and retarded patients: A review of punishment and its alternatives. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1352-1375.

Henderson, D.H. (1986). Constitutional implications involving the use of corporal punishment in the public schools: A comprehensive review. Journal of Law & Education, 15, 255-269.

Holz, W.C., & Azrin, N.H. (1961). Discriminative properties of punishment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 225-232.

Honig, W.K. (1966). The role of discrimination training in the generalization of punishment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 377-384.

Johnston, J.M. (1972). Punishment of human behavior. American Psychologist, 27, 1033-1054.

Kazdin, A.E. (1973). Time out for some considerations on punishment. American Psychologist, 28, 939-941.

Kazdin, A.E. (1979). Vicarious reinforcement and punishment in operant programs for children. Child Behavior Therapy, 1, 13-36.

Kirchner, D.M., Pear, J.J., & Martin, G.L. (1971). Shock as a punishment in a picture-naming task with retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 227-233.

Kohlenberg, R.J. (1970). The punishment of persistent vomiting: A case study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 241-245.

LaVigna, G.W., & Donnellan, A.M. (1986). Alternatives to punishment: Solving behavior problems with non-aversive strategies. New York: Irvington Press.

Linscheid, T.R., & Meinhold, P. (1990). The controversy over aversives: Basic operant research and the side effects of punishment. In A.C. Repp & N.N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilitites (pp, 435-450). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore.

MacMillan, D.L., Forness, S.R., & Trumbull, B.M. (1973). The role of punishment in the classroom. Exceptional Children, 40, 85-96.

Malott, R.W., Tillema, M., & Glenn, S. (1978). Basic behavioral procedures: Reinforcement, punishment, and avoidance. In R. Malott, M. Tillema, & S. Glenn, Behavior analysis and behavior modification: An introduction (pp. 25-54). Kalamazoo, MI: Behaviordelia.

Matson, J.L., & DiLorenzo, T.M. (1984). Punishment and its alternatives: New perspectives for behavior modification. New York: Springer.

Matson, J.L., & Taras, M.E. (1989). A 20-year review of punishment and alternative methods to treat problem behavior in developmentally delayed persons. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19, 85-104.

Mayer, G.R., Sulzer, B., & Cody, J. (1968). The use of punishment in modifying student behavior. Journal of Special Education, 2, 323-328.

Mayhew, G.L., & Harris, F.C. (1978). Some negative side effects of a punishment procedure for stereotyped behavior. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9, 245-251.

(1994). Protective equipment as treatment for stereotypic hand mouthing: Sensory extinction or punishment effects? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 345-355.

Mitford, J. (1973). Kind and usual punishment. New York: Random House.

Morse, W.H., & Kelleher, R.T. (1977). Determinants of reinforcement and punishment. In W.K. Honig & J.E.R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior: Areas of research and application (pp. 174-200). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall.

Mowrer, O.H. (1968). The law of effect, conditioning, and the problem of punishment. In E.E. Boe & R.M. Church (Eds.), Punishment: Issues and experiments (pp. 181-187). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Newsom, C.D., Favell, J.G., & Rincover, A. (1983). The side effects of punishment. In S. Axelrod & J. Apsche (Eds.), The effects of punishment on human behavior (pp. 285-316). New York: Plenum.

Parke, R.D. (1969). Effectiveness of punishment as an interaction of intensity, timing, agent nurturance and cognitive structuring. Child Development, 40, 213- 235.

Penney, R.K. (1967). Effect of reward and punishment in children's orientation and discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75, 140-142.

#(14), #(6) Podsakoff, P.M., Todor, W.D., Grover, R.A., & Huber, V.L. (1984). Situational moderators of leader reward and punishment behaviors: Fact of fiction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 24, 21-63.

Premack, D. (1971). Catching up with common sense or two sides of a generalization: Reinforcement and punishment. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement (pp. 121-150). New York: Academic Press.

Purcell, C.W. (1984). Limiting the use of corporal punishment in American schools: A call for more specific legal guidelines. Journal of Law & Education, 13, 183-195.

Rolider, A., Cummings, A., & vanHouten, R. (1991). Side effects of therapeutic punishment on academic performance and eye contact. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 763-773.

Romanczyk, R.G., Colletti, G., & Plotkin, R. (1980). Punishment of self- injurious behavior: Issues of behavior analysis, generalization, and the right to treatment. Child Behavior Therapy, 2, 37-54.

Rose, T. (1981). The corporal punishment cycle: A behavioral analysis of the maintenance of corporal punishment in schools. Education and Treatment of Children, 4, 157-170.

Schnake, M.E. (1987). Vicarious punishment in a work setting: A failure to replicate. Psychological Reports, 61, 379-386.

Solomon, R.L. (1964). Punishment. American Psychologist, 19, 239-253.

Tanner, B.A., & Zeiler, M. (1975). Punishment of self-injurious behavior using aromatic ammonia as the aversive stimulus. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 53-57.

Vidmar, N., & Miller, D.T. (1980). Socio-psychological processes underlying attitudes toward legal punishment. Law & Society Review, 14, 565-602.

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