Charles Hedbring/Program STEPPE



Below is a set of references pertinent to Memory. All refs are taken from Biblio-Refs (click on "Download" above). Biblio-Refs contains dozens more references on memory. So download Win95 Biblio-Refs and keep pace with the importance of memory training to such critical learning skills as attention and discrimination.

   Memory   

 

(P.S.: Review this and all STEPPE/Hedbring reference lists often; they are in constant flux as new literature is uncovered, recommended, or encountered. We are all in this together, so please be quick and eager to point out errors or additional literature you find compelling. Thank you.)

Ackerman, B.P. (1997). The role of setting information in children's memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 65, 238-260.

Adelson, B. (1984). When novices surpass experts: The difficulty of a task may increase with expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 483-495.

Anderson, J.R. (1995). Learning and memory: An integrated approach. New York: Wiley.

Anderson, J.R., & Milson, R. (1989). Human memory: An adaptive perspective. Psychological Review, 96, 703-719.

Atkinson, R.C., & Shriffin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K.W. Spence & J.T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2, pp. 89-195). New York: Academic Press.

August, G.J. (1980). Input organization as a mediating factor in memory: A comparison of educable mentally retarded and nonretarded individuals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, 125-143.

Baber, G., & Bacon, E.H. (1995). Effects of instructional cues on memory for new words by poor readers. Education and Treatment of Children, 18, 117-127.

Baddeley, A.D. (1978). The trouble with levels: A reexamination of Craik and Lockhart's framework for memory research. Psychological Review, 85, 139-152.

Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, Eng: Clarendon Press.

Baddeley, A.D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Baddeley, A.D. (1995). Handbook of memory disorders. New York: Wiley.

Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G.H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 47- 89). New York: Academic Press.

Baer, R.A. (1987). Effects of caffeine on classroom behavior, sustained attention, and a memory task in preschool children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 225-234.

Bauer, R.A. (1977). Memory processes in children with learning disabilities: Evidence for deficient rehearsal. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 24, 415-430.

Baumeister, A.A., & Maisto, A.A. (1977). Memory scanning by children: Meaningfulness and mediation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 24, 97- 107.

Belmont, J.M. (1966). Long-term memory in mental retardation. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 1, pp. 219-255). New York: Academic Press.

Belmont, J.M., & Butterfield, E.C. (1969). The relationship of short-term memory to development and intelligence. In L.P. Lipsitt & H.W. Reese (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 29-82). New York: Academic Press.

Belmont, J.M., & Butterfield, E.C. (1977). The instructional approach to developmental cognitive research. In R.V. Kail, Jr. & J. W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition (pp. 437-481). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Bjorklund, D.F. (1987). How age changes in knowledge base contribute to the development of children's memory: An interpretive review. Developmental Review, 7, 93-130.

Borkowski, J.G. (1965). Interference effects in short-term memory as a function of level of intelligence. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 20, 458-465.

Boucher, J. (1981). Memory for recent events in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 293-301.

Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.

Brady, S., Mann, V.A., & Schmidt, R. (1987). Errors in short-term memory for good and poor readers. Memory & Cognition, 15, 444-453.

Branch, M.N. (1977). On the role of "memory" in the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 28, 171-179.

Bray, N.W., Saarnio, D.A., Borges, L.M., & Hawk, L.W. (1994). Intellectual and developmental differences in external memory strategies. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99, 19-31.

Broadbent, D.E. (Ed.). (1983). Functional aspects of memory. London: Royal Society.

Broadbent, D.E. (1983). The functional approach to memory. In D.E. Broadbent (Ed.), Functional aspects of memory (pp. 1-11). London: Royal Society.

Broadbent, D.E. (1984). The Maltese cross: A new simplistic model for memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 55-94.

Brown, A.L. (1974). The role of strategic behavior in retardate memory. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 7, pp. 55-111). New York: Academic Press.

Brown, A.S., & Mitchell, D.B. (1994). A reevaluation of semantic versus non- semantic processing in implicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 22, 533-541.

Bryson, C.Q. (1972). Short-term memory and cross-modal information processing in autistic children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5, 81-91.

Burnham, D.K., & Vignes, G. (1988). The effect of movement on infants' memory for visual compounds. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 351-360.

Campbell, B.A., & Spear, N.E. (1972). Ontogeny of memory. Psychological Review, 79, 215-236.

Campione, J.C., & Brown, A.L. (1977). Memory and metamemory development in educable retarded children. In R.V. Kail, Jr. & J.W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition (pp. 367-406). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Carbo, M.L. (1978). A word imprinting technique for children with severe memory disorders. Teaching Exceptional Children, 11(1), 3-5.

Cavanaugh, J.C., & Perlmutter, M. (1982). Metamemory: A critical examination. Child Development, 53, 11-28.

Ceci, S.J. (1984). A developmental study of learning disabilities and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 352-371.

Cermak, L.S., & Craik, F.I.M. (Eds.). (1979). Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Chang, T.M. (1986). Semantic memory: Facts and models. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 199-220.

Cohen, L.B., & Gelber, E.R. (1975). Infant visual memory. In L.B. Cohen & P. Salapatek (Eds.), Infant perception: From sensation to cognition (Vol. 1). Basic visual processes (pp. 347-403). New York: Academic Press.

Cohen, R.L., & Sandberg, T. (1977). Relation between intelligence and short-term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 534-554.

Cohler, B.J. (1994). Memory recovery and the use of the past: A commentary on Lindsay and Read from psychoanalytic perspectives. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 365-378.

Collins, A.M., & Quillian, M.R. (1972). How to make a language user. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 309-351). New York: Academic Press.

Cowan, N. (1995). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cox, R., Hulme, C., & Brown, G. (1992). STM Experimenter: Using Hypercard and MacRecorder in short-term memory experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 24, 575-579.

Craik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.

Craik, F.I.M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.

Craik, F.I.M., & Watkins, M.J. (1973). The role of rehearsal in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 599-607. Crandall, C.S., & Greenfield, B. (1986). Understanding the conjunction fallacy: A conjunction of effects? Social Cognition, 4, 408-419.

Crowder, R.G. (1978). Sensory memory systems. In E.C. Carterette & M.P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception, Vol. 8: Perceptual coding (pp. 343-373). New York: Academic Press.

Crowder, R.G. (1984). Broadbent's Maltese cross memory model: Wisdom, but not especially unconventional. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 72, 91-94.

Cunningham, J.G., & Weaver, S.L. (1989). Young children's knowledge of their memory span: Effects of task and experience. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48, 3244.

Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P.A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Leaning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466.

Dempster, F.N. (1981). Memory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 63-100.

Detterman, D.K. (1979). Memory in the mentally retarded. In. N.R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 727-760). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Deutsch, D., & Deutsch, J.A. (Eds.). (1975). Short-term memory. New York: Academic Press.

Eich, E. (1984). Memory for unattended events: Remembering with and without awareness. Memory and Cognition, 12, 105-111.

Ellis, N.R. (1970). Memory processes in retardates and normals. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 4, pp. 1- 32). New York: Academic Press.

Ellis, N.R. (1978). Do the mentally retarded have poor memory? Intelligence, 2, 41-54.

Watkins, S., Boyd, B.D., & Cavalier, A.R. (1982). Learning, memory, and transfer in profoundly, severely, and moderately mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 87, 186-196.

Ellis, N.R., McCartney, J.R., Ferretti, R.P., & Cavalier, A.R. (1977). Recognition memory in mentally retarded persons. Intelligence, 1, 310-317.

Ellis, N.R., & Woolridge, P.W. (1985). Short-term memory for picture and words by mentally retarded and nonretarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 622-626.

Ericsson, K.A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211-245.

Evans, J. St. B.T., Barston, J.L., & Pollard, P. (1983). On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning. Memory and Cognition, 11, 295- 306.

Fajnsztejn-Pollack, G. (1973). A developmental study of decay rate in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 16, 225-235.

Felton, R.H., Wood, F.B., Brown, L.B., Campbell, J., & Harter, M.R. (1987). Separate verbal memory and naming deficits in attention deficit disorder and reading disability. Brain and Language, 31, 171-184.

Ferretti, R.P. (1982). An analysis of passive memory in normal and mentally retarded persons. Intelligence, 6, 69-87.

Flavell, J.H., & Wellman, H.M. (1977). Metamemory. In R.V. Kail, Jr., & J.W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition (pp. 3-33). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gagne, R.M., & White, R.T. (1978). Memory structures and learning outcomes, Review of Educational Research, 48, 187-222.

Ghatala, E.S., Carbonari, J.P., & Bobele, L.Z. (1980). Developmental changes in incidental memory as a function of processing level, congruity, and repetition. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 29, 74-87.

Glidden, L.M. (1979). Training of learning and memory in retarded persons: Strategies, techniques, and teaching tools. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 619-657). Hillsdale: NJ: Erlbaum.

Graf, P., & Masson, M.E.J. (1993). Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Graf, P., & Schacter, D.L. (1987). Selective effects of interference on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 45-53.

Gutowkski, W.E., & Chechile, R.A. (1987). Encoding, storage, and retrieval components of associative memory deficits of mildly mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 92, 85-93.

Hale, C.A., & Borkowski, J.G. (1991). Attention, memory, and cognition. In J.L. Matson & J.A. Mulick (Eds.), Handbook of mental retardation (2nd ed., 505-528). New York: Pergamon Press.

Halford, G.S., Maybery, M.T., O'Hare, A.W., & Grant, P. (1994). The development of memory and processing capacity. Child Development, 65, 1338-1356.

Harris, K.R., Graham S., & Freeman, S. (1988). Effects of strategy training on metamemory among learning disabled students. Exceptional Children, 54, 332-338.

Heindel, P., & Kose, G. (1990). The effects of motoric action and organization on children's memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 416-428.

Henry, L.A., & Millar, S. (1991). Memory span increase with age: A test of two hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, 459-484.

Herrmann, D.J. (1988). Memory improvement techniques. New York: Ballantine.

Hill, W.L., Borovsky, D., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1988). Continuities in infant memory development. Developmental Psychobiology, 20, 43-62.

Hintzman, D.L. (1984). Episodic versus semantic memory: A distinction whose time has come--and gone? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 240-421.

Horton, D.L., & Mills, C.B. (1984). Human learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 361-394.

Intons-Peterson, M.J., & Fournier, J. (1986). External and internal memory aids: When and how often do we use them? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 267-280.

Jacoby, L.L. (1983). Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of an experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 21-38.

Johnson, M.K., & Hasher, L. (1987). Human learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 631-668.

Kah, R. (1989). The development of memory in children (3rd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

Kail, R.V., & Hagen, J.W. (Eds.). (1977). Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kintsch, W. (1980). Semantic memory: A tutorial. In R.S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance VIII (pp. 595-620). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kintsch, W., & Mross, E.F. (1985). Context effects in word identification. Journal of Memory and Lanuage, 24, 336-349.

Kirchner, D.M., & Klatzky, R.L. (1985). Verbal rehearsal and memory in language- disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 556-565.

Klatzky, R.L. (1980). Human memory: Structures and processes (2nd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

Knopp, F.H., & Benson, A.R. (1996). A primer of the complexities of traumatic memory of childhood sexual abuse: A psychobiological approach. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.

Kobasigawa, A. (1977). Retrieval strategies in the development of memory. In R.V. Kail & J.W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kolers, P.A. (1976). Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 554-565.

Kolodner, J.L. (1983). Reconstructive memory: A computer model. Cognitive Science, 7, 281-328.

Kroll, N.E. (1975). Visual short-term memory. In D. Deutsch & J.A. Deutsch (Eds.), Short-term memory (pp. 153-179). New York: Academic Press.

Lerner, J.W. (1971). Perception and memory. In J.W. Lerner, Children with learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies (pp. 117- 140). New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Lindberg, M.A. (1980). Is knowledge base development a necessary and sufficient condition for memory development? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, 401-410.

Loftus, E.F., & Ketcham, K. (1994). The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Loftus, E.F., Loftus, G.R., & Hunt, E.B. (1984). Broadbent's Maltese cross memory model: Something old, something new, something borrowed, something missing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 73-74, 91-94.

Lorsbach, T.C., & Worman, L.J. (1989). The development of explicit and implicit forms of memory in learning disabled and nondisabled children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 14, 67-76.

Marr, M.J. (1983). Memory: Models and metaphors. The Psychological Record, 33, 12-19.

Massaro, D.W. (1970). Perceptual processes and forgetting in memory tasks. Psychological Review, 77, 557-567.

McCartney, J.R. (1987). Mentally retarded and nonretarded subjects' long term recognition memory. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 92, 312-317.

McCloskey, M.E., & Glucksberg, S. (1978). Natural categories: Well defined or fuzzy sets? Memory & Cognition, 6, 462-472.

McDougall, S., Hulme, C., Ellis, A., & Monk, A. (1994). Learning to read: The role of short-term memory and phonological skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 58, 112, 133.

McKoon, G., Ratcliff, R., & Dell, G.S. (1986). A critical evaluation of the semantic-episodic distinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 295-306.

Metcalfe, J., & Fisher, R.P. (1986). The relation between recognition memory and classification learning. Memory and Cognition, 14, 164-173.

Mitchell, D.B. (1989). How many memory systems? Evidence from aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 3-49.

Morris, R.G., Gick, M.L., & Craik, R.I.M. (1988). Processing resources and age differences in working memory. Memory & Cognition, 16, 362-366.

Morton, J. (1994). Cognitive perspectives on memory recovery. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 389-398.

Mosley, J.L. (1985). High-speed memory-scanning task performance of mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded individuals. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 81-89.

Musen, G., & Treisman, A. (1990). Implicit and explicit memory for visual patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 127-137.

Nelson, C.A. (Ed.). (1993). Memory and affect in development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Norman, D. (1976). Memory and attention: An introduction to human information processing (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Norman, D.A. (1969). Memory and attention: An introduction to human information processing. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Norman, D.A., & Rumelhart, D.E. (1970). A system for perception and memory. In D.A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory (pp. 21-64). New York: Academic Press.

Olson, G.M., & Sherman, T. (1983). Attention, learning, and memory. In M.M. Haith & J.J. Campos (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Infancy and developmental psychobiology. New York: Wiley.

Ornstein, P.A., Baker-Ward, L., & Naus, M.J. (1988). The development of mnemonic skill. In F.E. Weinert & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Memory development: Universal changes and individual differences (pp. 31-50). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Paris, S.G., & Lindauer, B.K. (1976). The role of inference in children's comprehension and memory for sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 217-227.

Paris, S.G., & Lindauer, B.K. (1977). Constructive aspects of children's comprehension and memory. In R.V. Kail, Jr. & J.W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition (pp. 35-60). New York: Wiley.

Parkin, A.J., & Streete, S. (1988). Implicit and explicit memory in young children and adults. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 361-369.

Pennington, F.M., & Luszcz, M.A. (1975). Some functional properties of iconic storage in retarded and nonretarded subjects. Memory and Cognition, 3, 295- 301.

Peterson, L.R. (1966). Short-term verbal memory and learning. Psychological Review, 73, 193-207.

Pezdek, K. (1994). The illusion of illusory memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 339-350.

Pezdek, K., & Banks, W.P. (1996). The recovered memory/false memory debate. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Phillips, W.A. (1983). Short-term visual memory. In D.E. Broadbent (Ed.), Functional aspects of memory (pp. 57-71). London: Royal Society.

Postman, L., & Underwood, B.J. (1973). Critical issues in interference theory. Memory & Cognition 1, 19-40.

Pressley, M. (1982). Elaboration and memory development. Child Development, 53, 296-309.

Pressley, M., Borkowski, J.G., & O'Sullivan, J.T. (1985). Memory strategy instruction is made of this: Metamemory and durable strategy use. Educational Psychologist, 19, 94-107.

Rabinowitz, F.M., Howe, M.L., & Lawrence, J.A. (1989). Class inclusion and working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48, 379-409.

Rabinowitz, M., & Mandler, J.M. (1983). Organization and information retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 430-439.

Rapala, M.M., & Brady, S. (1990). Reading ability and short-term memory: The role of phonological processing. Reading and Writing, 2, 1-25.

Ratcliff, R., & Murdock, B.B. (1976). Retrieval processes in recognition memory. Psychological Review, 83, 190-214.

Read, J.D., & Lindsay, D.S. (1994). Moving toward a middle ground on the 'false memory debate': Reply to commentaries on Lindsay and Read. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 407-435.

Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R.A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.

Rovee-Collier, C.K. (1987). Learning and memory in infancy. In J.D. Ososfsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Saufley, W., Jr., Otaka, S.R., & Bavaresco, J.L. (1985). Context effects: Classroom tests and context independence. Memory & Cognition, 13, 522-528.

Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 501-518.

Schneider, W., & Pressley, M. (1989). Memory development between 2 and 20. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Shimp, C.P. (1976). Organization in memory and behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26, 113-130.

Siegel, L.S., & Ryan, E.B. (1989). The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children. Child Development, 60, 973-980.

Sininger, Y.S., Klatzky, R.L., & Kirchner, D.M. (1989). Memory scanning speed in language-disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32, 289-297.

Smith, E.E. (1978). Theories of semantic memory. In W.K. Estes (Ed.), Handbook of learning and cognitive processes (Vol. 6, pp. 1-56). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Smith, S. (1979). Remembering in and out of context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 460-471.

Smith, S. (1982). Enhancement of recall using multiple environmental contexts during learning. Memory & Cognition, 10, 405-412.

Smith, S. (1984). A comparison of two techniques for reducing context-dependent forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 12, 477-482.

Smith, S. (1985). Background music and context-dependent memory. American Journal of Psychology, 98, 591-603.

Sperling, G. (1963). A model for visual memory tasks. Human Factors, 5, 19-31.

Spitz, H.H. (1966). The role of input organization in the learning and memory of mental retardates. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 2, pp. 29-56). New York: Academic Press.

Stern, L. (1985). The structures and strategies of human memory. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

Sternberg, D.E., & Jarvik, M.E. (1976). Memory functions in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 219-224.

Sternberg, S. (1966). High-speed memory scanning in human memory. Science, 153, 652-654.

Sternberg, S. (1970). Memory scanning: Mental processes revealed by reaction time experiments. In J.S. Antrobous (Ed.), Cognition and affect (pp. 13-58). Boston: Little, Brown.

Swanson, H.L., Cooney, J.B., & Brock, S. (1993). The influence of working memory and classification ability on children's word problem solution. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 55, 374-395.

Thorndyke, P.W. (1977). Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 77-110.

Torgesen, J.K. (1978). Performance of reading disabled children in serial memory tasks: A review. Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 57-87.

Trabasso, T. (1977). The role of memory as a system in making transitive inferences. In R.V. Kail & J.W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press.

Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385-398.

Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1-12.

Tulving, E. (1986). Episodic and semantic memory: Where should we go from here? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 573-577.

Tulving, E. (1986). What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction between episodic and semantic memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 307-311.

Tulving, E., & Donaldson, W. (Eds.). (1972). Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Tulving, E., & Osler, S. (1968). Effectiveness of retrieval cues in memory for words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 593-601.

Tulving, E., & Thomson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 76, 559-573.

Turner, M.L., & Engle, R.W. (1989). Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 127-154.

Underwood, B.J. (1969). Attributes of memory. Psychological Review, 76, 559- 573.

Underwood, B.J. (1983). Attributes of memory. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Vallet, R.E. (1963). Developing linguistic auditory memory patterns. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 462-466.

Van Orden, G.C. (1987). A rows is a rose: Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory & Cognition, 15, 181-198.

Verdonik, F. (1988). Reconsidering the context of rememberings: The need for a social description of memory processes and their development. In F.E. Weinert & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Memory development: Universal changes and individual differences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Voelker, S.L., Carter, R.A., Sprague, D.J., Gdowski, C.L., & Lachar, D. (1989). Developmental trends in memory and metamemory in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 14, 75-88.

Warren, R.E. (1972). Stimulus encoding and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 90-100.

Watkins, M.J., & Tulving, E. (1975). Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 5-29.

Waugh, N.C., & Norman, D.A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72, 89-104.

Weinert, F.E., & Perlmutter, M. (Eds.). (1988). Memory development: Universal changes and individual differences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Wellman, H.M. (1989). The early development of memory strategies. In F.W. Weinert & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Memory development: Universal changes and individual differences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Wilhite, S.C., & Payne, D.E. (1992). Learning and memory: The basis of behavior. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Wilson, B.A. (1987). Rehabilitation of memory. New York: Guilford.

Wolters, G. (1984). Memory: Two systems or one system with many subsystems? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 256-257.


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