Biblio-Refs/Hedbring: Computer Refs

Charles Hedbring/Program STEPPE

Below is a set of references pertinent to Computer Technology. All refs are once again taken from Biblio-Refs (click on "Download" above). And again, Biblio-Refs contains many more references on subjects relevant to the various dimensions of computer technology. May we again suggest that you download Win95 Biblio-Refs: It is an absolutely unique and truly indispensable knowledge management tool for graduate students, researchers, and professors alike. Enjoy and have a fine day!

(P.S.: Review this and all STEPPE/Hedbring reference lists often; they are in constant flux as new literature is uncovered, recommended, or encountered. We are all in this together, so please be quick and eager to point out errors or additional literature you find compelling. Thank you.)

Acker, L.E., Goldwater, B.C., & Agnew, J.L. (1990). Sidney Slug: A computer simulation for teaching shaping without an animal laboratory. Teaching of Psychology, 17, 130-132.

Amarel, M. (1983). The classroom: An instructional setting for teachers, students, and the computer. In A.C. Wilkinson (Ed.), Classroom computers and cognitive science (pp. 15-29). New York: Academic Press.

Appell, L., & Hurley, K. (1984). Individualizing instruction with microcomputer software. Focus on Exceptional Children, 16(5), 1-12.

Atkinson, R.C. (1968). Computer-based instruction and the learning process. American Psychologist, 23, 225-239.

Atkinson, R.C. (1974). Teaching children to read using a computer. American Psychologist, 29, 169-178.

Balajthy, E. (1987). Computers and reading/language arts: Will we try to cure the problem with turpentine? Computers in the Schools, 4(1), 67-70.

Bass, R.F. (1987). Computer-assisted observer training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 83-88.

Becker, H.J. (1986). The effects of computer use on children's learning: Limitations of past research and a working model for new research. Peabody Journal of Education, 64(1), 81-110.

Becker, H.J. (1988). The impact of computer use on children's learning. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Behrmann, M. (Ed.). (1984). Handbook of microcomputers in special education. San Diego: College-Hill Press.

Bell, M.E. (1985). The role of instructional theories in the evaluation of microcomputer courseware. Educational Technology, 25(3), 36-40.

Bennett, R.E. (1982). Applications of microcomputer technology to special education. Exceptional Children, 49, 106-113.

Berliss, J., Borden, P., & Vanderheiden, G. (1989). Trace resource book: Assistive technologies for communication, control, and computer access. Madison, WI: Trace Research and Development Center.

Berninger, V.W. (1986). Comparison of two microcomputer-assisted methods of teaching word decoding and encoding to non-vocal, non-writing and learning disabled students. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology, 23, 124-129.

Bishop-Clark, B., & Grant, R. (1991). Implementing computer technology in educational settings. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 19, 313-326.

Bloom, L.A., Hursh, D., Wienke, W.D., & Wolf, R.K. (1992). The effects of computer assisted data collection on student behavior. Behavioral Assessment, 14, 173-190.

Bloomberg, K. (1990). Computer pictographs for communication. Communication Outlook, 12(1), 17-18.

Boguski, M.S. (1995). Hunting for genes in computer data bases. The New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 645-647.

Bower, A.C., & Richardson, D.H. (1975). A computer-based data bank. Mental Retardation, 13, 32-33.

Bowles-Bridwell, L. (1987). Writing with computers: Implications from research for the language impaired. Topics in Language Disorders, 7(4), 78-85.

Brady, E.H., & Hill, S. (1984). Research in review. Young children and microcomputers: Research issues and directions. Young Children, 39, 49-61.

Brebner, A., Hallworth, H.J., & Brown, R.I. (1977). Computer-assisted instruction programs and terminals for the mentally retarded. Education and Training, 2, 421-426.

Brinker, R.P. (1982). Making the world work with microcomputers: A learning prothesis for handicapped infants. Exceptional Children, 49, 163-170.

Brod, C. (1984). Technostress: The human cost of the computer revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Budoff, M., & Hutten, L.R. (1982). Microcomputers in special education: Promises and pitfalls. Exceptional Children, 49, 123-128.

Bulkeley, W.M. (1988, June 6). Computers failing as teaching aids. The Wall Street Journal, p. 25.

Bunderson, C.V., & Faust, G.W. (1977). Programmed and computer-assisted instruction. In N.L. Gage (Ed.), The psychology of teaching methods: The seventy-fifth yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education: Part I (pp. 44-90). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Burkhart, L.J. (1988). Using computers and speech synthesis to facilitate communicative interaction with young and/or severely handicapped children. Wauconda, IL: Don Johnston Developmental Equipment.

Campbell, P., & Fein, G. (Eds.). (1986). Young children and microcomputers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Carmen, G.O., & Kosberg, B. (1982). Educational technology research: Computer technology and the education of emotionally handicapped children. Educational Technology, 22(2), 26-30.

Cary, D., & Sale, P. (1994). Notebook computers increase communication. Teaching Exceptional Children, 27(1), 62-69.

Case, D.A., Ploog, B.O., & Fantino, E. (1990). Observing behavior in a computer game. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 185-199.

Caudill, M.K. (1992). Understanding neural networks: Computer explorations: Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Chambers, J., & Sprecher, J. (1983). Computer-assisted instruction: Its use in the classroom. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Chandler, G.M., Burck, H.D., & Sampson, J.P. (1986). A generic computer program for systematic desensitization: Description, construction and case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17, 171-174.

Chapman, B.L.M., & Lees, P. (1986). Computer-assisted communication for language development. British Journal of Educational Technology, 17, 222-234.

Chen, M., & Paisley, W. (Eds.). (1985). Children and microcomputers: Research on the newest medium. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Christensen, C.A., & Cosden, M.A. (1986). The relationship between special education placement and instruction in computer literacy skills. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2, 299-306.

Clements, D.H. (1987). Computers and young children: A review of research. Young Children, 43(1), 34-44.

Clements, D.H., & Gullo, D.F. (1984). Effects of computer programming on young children's cognition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 1051-1058.

Cohen, C., & Palin, M. (1986). Speech syntheses and speech recognition devices. In M. Grossfeld & C. Grossfeld (Eds.), Microcomputer applications in rehabilitation of communication disorders (pp. 183-211). Rockville, MD: Aspen.

Colby, K. (1965). Things to come: Designing neurotic computers. In L. Krasner & L.P Ullmann (Eds.), Research in behavior modification (pp. 305-309). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Colby, K., & Smith, D. (1971). Computers in the treatment of non-speaking autistic children. In J.H. Masserman (Ed.), Current psychiatric therapies (Vol. 2, pp. 1-17). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Collins, A. (1991). The role of computer technology in restructuring schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 73, 28-36.

Collins, M., Carnine, D., & Gersten, R. (1987). Elaborated corrective feedback and the acquisition of reasoning skills: A study of computer-assisted instruction. Exceptional Children, 54, 254-262.

Conners, F.A., Caruso, D.R., & Detterman, D.K. (1986). Computer-assisted instruction for the mentally retarded. In N.R. Ellis & N.W. Bray (Eds.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 14, pp. 105- 134). New York: Academic Press.

Conners, F.A., & Detterman, D.K. (1987). Information-processing correlates of computer-assisted word learning by mentally retarded students. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91, 606-612.

Cosden, M.A. (1988). Microcomputer instruction and perceptions of effectiveness by special and regular education elementary school teachers. Journal of Special Education, 22, 242-253.

Cosden, M.A., Gerber, M.M., Semmel D.S., Goldman, S.R., & Semmel, M.I. (1987). Microcomputer use within micro-educational environments. Exceptional Children, 53, 399-409.

Cosden, M.A., & Lieber, J.A. (1986). Grouping students on the microcomputer. Academic Therapy, 22, 165-172.

Cox, R., Hulme, C., & Brown, G. (1992). STM Experimenter: Using Hypercard and MacRecorder in short-term memory experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 24, 575-579.

Culberston, J.A., & Cunningham, L.L. (Eds.). (1986). Microcomputers in education. Eighty-fifth yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Curtis, J.F. (1987). The place of computers in education. In J.F. Curtis (Ed.), An introduction to microcomputers in speech, language, and hearing (pp. 73-81). San Diego: College-Hill Press.

Curtis, J.F. (1987). Computers in the speech clinic. In J.F. Curtis (Ed.), An introduction to microcomputers in speech, language, and hearing (pp. 83-101). San Diego: College-Hill Press.

Dalston, R.M. (1983). Computer-generated reports of speech and language evaluations. Cleft Palate Journal, 20, 227-237.

Dattilo, J. (1986). Computerized assessment of preference for severely handicapped individuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 445-448.

Dickinson, D. (1986). Cooperation, collaboration, and a computer: Integrating a computer into a first-second grade writing program. Research in the Teaching of English, 20, 357-378.

Dube, W.V., Iennaco, F.M., Rocco, F., Kledaras, J.B., & McIlvane, W.J. (1992). Microcomputer-based programmed instruction in generalized identity matching for persons with severe disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 2, 29- 51.

Dube, M.V., & McIlvane, W.J. (1989). Adding a microcomputer for behavioral evaluation of mentally retarded individuals. In J.A. Mulick & R.A. Antonack (Eds.), Transitions in mental retardation (Vol. 4, pp. 104-127). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

DuPlessis, J.P., Van Biljon, J.A., Tolmie, C.J., & Wollinger, T. (1995). A model for intelligent computer-aided education systems. Computers & Education, 24, 89- 106.

Eisele, J. (1980). A case for computers in instruction. Journal of Research and Development in Research, 14, 1-8.

Elbert, M., Young, L.L., & Bruce, K. (1981). A computer program for distinctive feature analysis. Journal of Communication Disorders, 14, 519-523.

Elkind, R. (1985). Attitudes of special education personnel toward computers. Educational Technology, 25(7), 31-34.

Elkind, R. (1985). The impact of computers on cognitive development in young children: A theoretical analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 1, 131-141.

#(16), #(25) Ellis, E.S., & Sabornie, E.J. (1986). Effective instruction with microcomputers: Promises, practices, and preliminary findings. Focus on Exceptional Children, 19(4), 1-16.

Esposito, L., & Campbell, P.H. (1993). Computers and individuals with severe and physical disabilities. In J.D. Lindsey (Ed.), Computers and exceptional individuals (pp. 159-171). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

Farr, M.J. (1977). Generative computer-assisted instruction: Intelligent instruction by intelligent systems. In R.J. Seidel & M. Rubin (Eds.), Computers and communication: Implications for education (pp. 407-409). New York: Academic Press.

Fielding, N.G., & Lee, R.M. (1992). Using computers in qualitative research. London: Sage.

Fifield, M.B. (1989). Psychoeducational testing and the personal computer. Journal of Special Educational Technology, 12, 71-85.

Fitch, K.L., Davis, L.A., Evans, W.B., & Sellers, D.E. (1984). Computer-managed screening for communication disorders. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 15, 66-69.

Frank, A.R. (1988). Operating microcomputers from picture prompts. Teaching Exceptional Children, 20(3), 66-67.

Frank, A.R., Wacker, D.P., Berg, W.K., & McMahon, C.M. (1985). Teaching selected microcomputer skills to retarded students via picture prompts. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 179-185.

Frydenberg, H., & Wheeler, D.G. (1986). Microcomputer-assisted intervention with the speech and language impaired adult. In M.L. Grossfeld & C.A. Grossfeld (Eds.), Microcomputer applications in rehabilitation of communication disorders (pp. 97-120). Rockville, MD: Aspen.

Fuchs, L.S., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C.L., & Hasselbring, T.S. (1987). Using computers with curriculum-based monitoring: Effects on teacher efficiency and satisfaction. Journal of Special Education Technology, 8, 14-27.

Fulton, R.T. (1982). Applying microcomputer technology to investigation of communication skills in severely hearing impaired children. Journal of Special Education Technology, 5, 45-46.

Futrell, M., & Geisert, P. (1985). A call for action to improve the design of microcomputer instructional courseware. Educational Technology, 25(5), 13-15.

Gagne, R.M., Wager, W., & Rojas, A. (1981). Planning and authoring computer- assisted instruction lessons. Educational Technology, 21, 17-26.

Gallini, J.K. (1985). Instructional conditions for computer-based problem- solving environments. Educational Technology, 25, 7-11.

Gardner, J.M. (1985). Using microcomputers to help staff reduce violent behavior. Computers in Human Services, 1, 53-61.

Garner, D. (1982). Educational microcomputer software: Nine questions to ask. Science and Children, 19(6), 24-25.

Garner, J.M., & Brever, A. (1985). Using microcomputers in the evaluation, training, and management of persons with developmental disabilities. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 11, 129-135.

Gebhardt-Seele, P.G. (1985). The computer and the child: A Montessori approach. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press.

Gemignani, M. (1986). A college's liability for unauthorized copying of microcomputer software by students. Journal of Law & Education, 15, 421-437.

Geoffrion, L.D., & Goldenberg, E.P. (1981). Computer-based exploratory learning systems for communication-handicapped children. The Journal of Special Education, 15, 325-332.

Gilmore, A.M. (1995). Turning teachers on to computers: Evaluation of a teacher development program. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 27, 251-269.

Glenn, A.D., & Carrier, C.A. (1986). Teacher education and computer training: An assessment. Peabody Journal of Education, 64(1), 67-80.

Goldman, S.R., & Pelligrino, J.W. (1986). Microcomputers: Effective drill and practice. Academic Therapy, 22, 133-140.

Goldman, S.R., & Pelligrino, J.W. (1987). Information processing and educational microcomputer technology: Where do we go from here? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 144-154.

Goodwin, L.D., Goodwin, W.L., Nansel, A., & Helm, C.P. (1986). Cognitive and affective effects of various types of microcomputer use by preschoolers. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 348-356.

Graham, L.P. (1984). The use of microcomputers for the remediation of learning problems in children with communication disorders. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 8, 79-88.

Green, B.A., Kincade, K.M., & Hays, T.A. (1994). A research-based modification of a computer program for reading instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 10, 341-348.

Green, B.F. (1987). Construct validity of computer-based tests. In H. Wainer & H.I. Braun (Eds.), Test validity (pp. 77-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Green, B.F. (1988). Critical problems in computer-based psychological measurement. Applied Measurement in Education, 1, 223-231.

Greif, E. (Ed.). (1988). Computer-supported cooperative work. San Mateo, CA: Kaufmann.

Grimes, L. (1981). Computers are for kids: Designing software programs to avoid problems of learning. Teaching Exceptional Children, 14(2), 48-57.

Grocke, M.A. (1983). Computers in the classroom: How can they teach reading? Australian Journal of Reading, 6, 175-185.

Grossfeld, M.C., & Grossfeld, C.A. (1986). Microcomputer applications in rehabilitation of communication disorders. Rockville, MD: Aspen.

Hagen, D. (1984). Microcomputer resource book for special education. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing.

Hannaford, A.E. (1993). Computers and exceptional individuals. In J.D. Lindsey Ed.), Computers and exceptional individuals (pp. 3-18). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

Hativa, N., & Lesgold, A. (1991). The computer as tutor: Can it adapt to the individual learner? Instructional Science, 20, 49-78.

Hawkins, J., Sheingold, K., Gearhart, M., & Berger, C. (1982). Microcomputers in schools: Impact on the social life of elementary classrooms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3, 361-373.

Hedbring, C. (1985). Computers and autistic learners: An evolving technology. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 13, 169-194.

Hedbring, C. (1995). Biblio-Refs: The computer-based research assistant for busy scholars. New York: Program STEPPE.

Hoffmann, J.A. (1991). Computer-aided collaborative music instruction. Harvard Educational Review, 61, 270-278.

Hollis, J.H. (1982). A learning model for computer reading programs. Journal of Special Education Technology, 5, 42-44.

Hoot, J.L. (1986). Computers in early childhood education: Issues and practices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Horn, E.M., & Warren, S.F. (1987). Facilitating the acquisition of sensorimotor behavior with a microcomputer-mediated teaching system: An experimental analysis. Journal of the Association for the Severely Handicapped, 12, 205-215.

Horn, E.M., Warren, S.F., & Reith, H.J. (1992). Effects of a small group microcomputer-mediated motor skills instructional package. Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 17, 133-144.

Howard, J.R., Busch, J.C., & Watson, J.A. (1991). The change-over to computer- based technology in early childhood special education. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 23, 530-544.

Hudiburg, R. (1989). Psychology of computer use. VII. Measuring techno-stress: Computer-related stress. Psychological Reports, 64, 767-772.

Hudiburg, R. (1991). Relationship of computer hassles, somatic complaints, and daily hassles. Psychological Reports, 69, 1119-1122.

Hudiburg, R., Ahrens, P.K., & Jones, T.M. (1994). Psychology of computer use: XXXI. Relating computer users' stress, daily hassles, somatic complaints, and anxiety. Psychological Reports, 75, 1183-1186.

Hudiburg, R., & Jones, T.M. (1991). Psychology of computer use: XXIII. Validating a measure of computer-related stress. Psychological Reports, 69, 179- 182.

Hyson, M.C. (1985). Emotions and the microcomputer: An exploratory study of young children's responses. Computers in Human Behavior, 1, 143-152.

Igbaria, M., & Parasuraman, S. (1989). A path analytic study of individual characteristics, computer anxiety, and attitudes toward microcomputers. Journal of Management, 15, 373-388.

Jay, T. (1985). Defining and measuring computer phobia. In R.E. Elberts & C.G. Eberts (Eds.), Trends in ergonomics and human factors. II (pp. 321-326). New York: Elsevier Science.

Johanson, R.P. (1988). Computers, cognition and curriculum: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 4, 1-30.

Johnson, D., & Myklebust, H. (1967). Learning disabilities: Educational principles and practices. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Johnson, G., Gersten, R., & Carnine, D. (1987). Effects of instructional design variables on vocabulary acquisition of LD students: A study of computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 206-213.

Johnson, J.E. (1985). Characteristics of preschoolers interested in micro- computers. Journal of Educational Research, 78, 299-305.

Jonassen, D., & Hannum, W. (1987). Research-based principles for designing computer software. Educational Technology, 27(12), 7-14.

Jones, T. (1991). An empirical study of children's use of computer pointing devices. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 7(1), 61-76.

Katz, R.C. (1986). Aphasia treatment and microcomputers. London: Taylor & Francis.

Kauffman, J.M., Strang, H.R., & Loper, A.B. (1985). Using microcomputers to train teachers of the handicapped. Remedial and Special Education, 6(5), 13- 17.

King, J., & Alloway, N. (1993). Young children's use of microcomputer input devices. Computers in the schools, 9(4), 39-53.

Knuth, D. (1973). The art of computer programming (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Kolodner, J.L. (1983). Reconstructive memory: A computer model. Cognitive Science, 7, 281-328.

Koorland, M.A., Edwards, B.J., & Doak, P. (1996). Evaluating a systematic keyboarding strategy for students with learning disabilities. Computers in the Schools, 12(3), 13-20.

Koza, J. (1992). Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection and genetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kulik, J.A. (1983). Synthesis of research on computer-based instruction. Educational Leadership, 41(1), 19-21.

Kulik, J.A., Bangert, R.L., & Williams, G.W. (1983). Effects of computer-based teaching on secondary school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 19-26.

Kulik, J.A., Kulik, C.C., & Bangert-Drowns, R.L. (1985). Effectiveness of computer-based education in elementary schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 1, 59-74.

Lally, M. (1981). Computer-assisted teaching of sight-word recognition for mentally retarded school children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 383-388.

Lambert, M.E., Intrieri, R.C., & Hollandsworth. (1986). Development of a computerized reference retrieval system: A behavior therapy training tool. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17, 167-169.

Landauer, T.K. (1995). The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability, and productivity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Larson, V., & Steiner, S. (1985). Language intervention using microcomputers. Topics in Language Disorders, 6(1), 41-55.

LeBlanc, J.M., Hoko, J.A., Aangeenbrug, M.H., & Etzel, B.C. (1985). Microcomputers and stimulus control: From the laboratory to the classroom. Journal of Special Education Technology, 7, 23-30.

Lehrer, R., Harckman, L.D., Archer, P., & Pruzak, R.M. (1986). Microcomputer- based instruction in special education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2, 337-355.

Lepper, M.R. (1985). Microcomputers in education. American Psychologist, 40, 1- 18.

Lerner, J., & Schuyler, J. (1974). Computer simulation: A method for training education diagnosticians. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 471-478.

Levin, J.A., Boruta, M.J., & Vascocellos, M.T. (1983). Microcomputer-based environments for writing: A writer's assistant. In A.C. Wilkinson (Ed.), Classroom computers and cognitive science (pp. 219-232). New York: Academic Press.

Levy, S. (1993). Artificial life: A report from the frontiers where computers meet biology. New York: Vintage Books.

Lewis, B., & Tagg, D. (1981). Computers in education. New York: Elsevier North- Holland.

Lieber, J., & Semmel, M.I. (1985). Effectiveness of computer application to instruction with mildly handicapped learners: A review. Remedial and Special Education, 6(5), 5-12.

Lieberman, D. (1985). Research on children and microcomputers: A review of utilization and effects studies. In M. Chen & W. Paisley (Eds.), Children and microcomputers: Research on the newest medium (pp. 59-83). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Lindsey, J. (Ed.). (1987). Computers and exceptional individuals. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.

Locke, P., & Mirenda, P. (1988). A computer-supported communication approach for a nonspeaking child with severe visual and cognitive impairments: A case study. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 4, 15-22.

Luehrmann, A., & Peckham, H. (1983). Computer literacy: A hands-on approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.

MacArthur, C.A. (1988). The impact of computers on the writing process. Exceptional Children, 54, 536-542.

MacArthur, C.A., Haynes, J.A., & Malouf, D. (1986). Learning disabled students' engaged time and classroom interaction: The impact of computer assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2, 189-198.

MacArthur, C.A., & Malouf, D.B. (1991). Teachers' beliefs, plans, and decisions about computer-based instruction. The Journal of Special Education, 25, 44-72.

Mahaffey, R.B. (1984). Research applications in communication disorders. In A. Schwartz (Ed.), Handbook of microcomputer applications in communication disorders (pp. 174-191). San Diego: College-Hill Press.

Malouf, D.B., Wizer, D.R., Pilato, V.H., & Grogan, M.M. (1990). Computer- assisted instruction with small groups of mildly handicapped students. Journal of Special Education, 24, 52-67.

Margalit, M., & Shulman, S. (1986). Microcomputers in special education: Renewed expectations for solutions in chronic difficulties. Exceptional Child, 33, 199-205.

Markham, M.R., Butt, A.E., & Dougher, M.J. (1996). A computer touch-screen apparatus for training visual discrimination in rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 173-182.

McCullough, C.S., & Wenck, L.S. (1984). Current microcomputer applications in school psychology. School Psychology Review, 13, 429-439.

McDougall, A. (1985). Input-output devices: Some ways forward. Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning, 1, 33-39.

McDougall, A., & Squires, D. (1995). An empirical study of a new paradigm for choosing educational software. Computers & Education, 25, 93-103.

McLellan, H. (1993). Virtual reality goes to school. Computers in the Schools, 9(4), 5-12.

McWilliams, P.A. (1984). Personal computers and the disabled. New York: Quantum Press/Doubleday.

Mehra, P, & Wah, B.W. (Eds.). (1992). Artificial neural networks concepts and theory. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Meier, S.T. (1985). Computer aversion. Computers in Human Behavior, 1, 171-179.

Meyers, L.F. (1994). Access and meaning: The keys to effective computer use by children with language disabilities. Journal of Special Education Technology, 12, 257-275.

Milner, S.D. (1980). Teaching teachers about computers: A necessity for education. Phi Delta Kappan, 61, 544-546.

Milner, S.D., & Wildberger, A.M. (1977). Determining appropriate uses of computers in education. Computers and Education, 1, 117-123.

Muller, A.A., & Perlmutter, M. (1985). Preschool children's problem-solving interactions at computers and jigsaw puzzles. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 6, 173-186.

Nelson, W.A. (1994). Efforts to improve computer-based instruction: The role of knowledge representation and knowledge construction in hypermedia systems. Computers in the Schools, 10, 371-399.

Nickell, G., & Pinto, J. (1986). The Computer Attitude Scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 2, 301-306.

Niemiec, R.P., & Walberg, H.J. (1984). Computers and achievement in the elementary schools. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1, 435-440.

O'Connor, L., & Schery, S. (1986). A comparison of microcomputer-aided and traditional language therapy for developing communication skills in nonoral toddlers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51, 356-361.

Okolo, C.M., Bahr, C.M., & Rieth, H.J. (1993). A retrospective view of computer- based instruction. Journal of Special Education Technology, 12, 1-27.

Otto, L. (1984). Computer promises, computer realities. Classroom Computer Learning, 4, 65-66.

Pagels, H.P. (1988). The dreams of reason: The computer and the rise of the sciences of the complexity. New York: Bantam Books.

Panyan, M.V. (1984). Computer technology for autistic students. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 375-382.

Papert, S. (1987). Computer criticism vs technocentric thinking. Educational Researcher, 16(1), 22-30.

Papert, S. (1994). The children's machine: Rethinking school in the age of the computer. New York: Basic Books.

Park, O., & Seidel, R.J. (1989). A multi-disciplinary model for development of intelligent computer-assisted instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 37, 72-80.

Park, O., & Tennyson, R.D. (1983). Computer-based instructional systems for adaptive education: A review. Contemporary Education Review, 4, 121-136.

Peckham, H.D. (1976). Computers, confusion and complacency. Computers and Education, 1, 39-45.

Penrose, R. (1989). The emperor's new mind concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Plienis, A.O., & Romanczyk, R.G. (1985). Analysis of performance, behavior, and predictors for severely disturbed children: A comparison of adult versus computer instruction. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 5, 345-356.

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